Severe infections can stunt growth, and fruit yields may be. The 24k protein of citrus psorosis virus is involved in the misprocessing of mirna and rna silencing suppressor activity. Citrus psorosis virus 24k protein interacts with citrus mirna precursors, affects their processing and subsequent mirna accumulation and target expression carina a. Pdf recent advances in citrus psorosis virus essaid ait. The remote citroid fruit tree glycosmis pentaphylla is a host of citrus leprosis virus c and exhibits novel leprosis symptoms.
It appears to be less common or important than psorosis a in most countries. Associated virus particles were first described by derrick et al. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv atau rimocortius psorosis. Citrus ringspot virus has not been considered as a quarantine pest by any regional plant protection organization. Inability of the brown citrus aphid toxoptera citricida to. Cpsv psorosis elisa kit citrus psorosis virus elisa kit. Thirty two indicator plants showed typical symptoms of vein flecking. Current research shows that very similar symptoms formerly referred to citrus leprosis disease are caused by two completely unrelated viruses, a more common cytoplasmic virus called citrus leprosis virus c cilvc and a nuclear virus called citrus leprosis dichorhavirus n cilvn in brazil ramosgonzalez et al. Cpsv, the type species of the genus ophiovirus vaira et al. In some types of citrus, the disease is carried by infected seeds. Citrus psorosis virus 24k protein interacts with citrus. Causal agent edit this plant pathology is caused by a virus called citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which is part of the genus opfiovirus, within the recently described family ophiovirae. However, the psorosis virus causes wood staining while citrus leprosis does not. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv is the causal agent of psorosis disease of citrus.
Purchase certified diseasefree trees or budwood from a reputable nursery. There are several strains of cpsv, some induce severe symptoms, and others are mild. Pdf recent advances in citrus psorosis virus essaid. Transmission of psorosis from citrus to citrus by aphids. First report of citrus psorosis virus cpsv in persian. Plant citrus so that the top of the root ball is level with or slightly above the surrounding soil. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv, the type species of genus ophiovirus, has a segmented, negativestranded rna genome. Pdf serological detection of citrus psorosis virus using.
Contrary to expectations, these lines did not trigger efficient rna silencing, and when infected with cpsv they showed a phenotype of exacerbated symptoms with a persistent and homogeneous. Psorosis, disease of citrus plant species caused by several related viruses family ophioviridae. In 1956, research in arizona identified tristeza virus in meyer lemon, and psorosis, a viruslike disease, in several old line citrus varieties including marsh grapefruit, valencia orange, and washington navel. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv, the type species of genus ophiovirus, is the presumed causal agent of a bark scaling disease in citrus plants. If you have any questions about tree disease please contact our tree service to schedule an appointment.
Citrus tristeza virus citrus psorosis virus concave gum citrus tatter leaf virus citrus leaf blotch virus citrus viroids citrus exocortis viroid cachexia citrus viroids i, ii, iii, iv, v bacteria citrus greening pathogens tested for tristeza stem pitting exocortis cachexia psorosis the florida citrus budwood protection program. In nearly fully expanded leaves, chlorotic fleck ing, vein banding and asymmetrical chlorosis. Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus and coat. The efsa panel on plant health performed a pest categorisation of naturallyspreading psorosis of citrus for the european union. Citrus psorosis virus citrus psorosis virus ay224663, af060855, ay204675, af218572, af1491017, af036338 cpsv citrus ringspot virus lettuce ring necrosis virus lettuce ring necrosis virus lrnv mirafiori lettuce virus mirafiori lettuce virus ay204672, ah012103, af5259336, ay204674, af532872 milv mirafiori lettuce bigvein virus.
Uncontrolled citrus psorosis virus infection in citrus. Variation in the distribution of citrus ringspot and psorosis. Recent advances in citrus psorosis virus springerlink. These two diseases were probably introduced into arizona in infected budwood and planting material prior to 1930. Citrus leprosis virus cilv is transmitted by the false spider mites in the genus brevipalpus acari. The citrus psorosis virus egyptian strain cpsveg was isolated from naturally infected citrus grapefruit citrus paradisi macf. Psorosis article about psorosis by the free dictionary. Citrus psorosis virus, ophiovirus, segmented negativestranded rna. Given that the psorosis viruses are largely transmitted by bud grafts and not by natural vectors, the disease can have significant economic impacts on citrus crops grown from such grafts, including oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines.
Virus psorosis dapat menyerang hampir semua varietas jeruk, hybridhibridnya dan beberapa kerabat jeruk. In the field, the most characteristic symptoms of the disease in adult trees are. Tennant1,2 dwight robinson1 latanya fisher2 stacymarie bennett1 dave hutton1 phyllis coatesbeckford1 wayne mc laughlin3 1 department of life sciences, the university of the west indies, mona, jamaica 2 the biotechnology centre, the university of the west indies, mona, jamaica. Citrus is one of the most economically important fruit crops in the world. Scaly bark, ringspot, citrus psorosis complex, cpsva, cpsvb. Pdf recent advances in citrus psorosis virus researchgate. Citrus psorosis virus 24k protein interacts with citrus mirna. Cpsv virions are kinked filaments, 34 nm in diameter that separate into two components during sucrose gradient centrifugation 9, 18. Patches of pealing or scaling bark on trunk or major limbs.
In the field, the most characteristic symptoms of the disease in adult trees. It is considered the most serious and detrimental virus pathogen of these trees. Cpsv is the oldest reported citrus virus, first reported symptoms in 1896 and known viral etiology in 19332. This is the primary way to prevent citrus psorosis. Freitasastua j, fadel al, antonioliluizon r, bastianel m, novelli vm, kitajima ew, machado ma, 2009. Mirafiori lettuce bigvein virus has a second putative orf in vrna2 that encodes a protein of unknown function. A study was undertaken to find out whether aphids feeding on citrus plants could be vectors of the citrus psorosis virus in the citrus growing area of concordia, argentina.
However, citrus psorosis virus cpsv is a wellcharacterised ophiovirus that is. Most isolates contained a predominant sequence and some minor variants. Citrus sinensis, a common host of citrus psorosis virus, exhibiting symptoms of bark and leaf deterioration. Rtpcr detection of citrus leprosis virus in samples from the northern region of brazil.
Psorosis is a graft transmissible disease, caused by a virus, most often found in old citrus plantings. The aphid species used were toxoptera citricidus, t. Fruit may exhibit a yellow ring shaped pattern on the rind. Commonly encountered citrus viruses and grafttransmissible diseases 2. Citrus psorosis is a serious disease affecting mainly oranges and mandarins in argentina and uruguay. Psorosis is found throughout the citrus producing world. Variation in the distribution of citrus ringspot and psorosis viruses within citrus hosts. During this past year, we have used the samples submitted for cpsv testing through the cdfa registered source tree program for sidebyside testing using biological indexing and real time rtpcr. Gejala umumnya jelas terlihat pada jeruk manis dan mandarin terinfeksi dengan ciriciri vein flecking, concave gum, blind pocked, crinkly leaf dan infections variegation. Elisa, but only biological indexing, requiring 1 year, is the current and validated technique for diagnosis of.
On green twigs the bark symptoms have been confused with those of citrus psorosis as the lesions become more irregular in shape 1. Citrus psorosis virus infection leads to tree decline and bark scaling on limbs and trunks. Seeds of some citrange cultivars are known carriers of the disease. In nearly fully expanded leaves, chlorotic flecking, vein banding and asymmetrical chlorosis may be visible. Multiple species of brevipalpus mites may transmit the virus. This virus is erratically transmitted to herbaceous hosts in. Citrus psorosis is a viral disease, transmitted primarily by grafts of infected budwood, or sometimes by contaminated grafting tools.
Psorosis citrus research and education center university of. The aphids were collected from virus infected citrus trees in concordia and transferred to seedlings of. Strong evidence suggests that cpsv is the cause of psorosis but kochs postulates have not been fulfilled due to lack of purified infectious preparations. Follow recommended watering and fertilization programs. Citrus psorosis ophiovirus is a plant pathogenic virus infecting citrus plants worldwide. Citrus vein enation virus can cause swellings or woody galls on rough lemon or mexican lime rootstocks. Pdf detection of citrus psorosisringspot virus using rt. The grapefruit used for cpsveg isolatation was found to be free from ctv, cevd and spiroplasma citri by testing with dtbia, tissue print hybridization and dienes stain respectively. Pdf citrus psorosis virus cpsv, the type species of genus ophiovirus, has a segmented, negativestranded rna genome. Tennant1,2 dwight robinson1 latanya fisher2 stacymarie bennett1 dave hutton1 phyllis coatesbeckford1 wayne mc laughlin3 1 department of life sciences, the university of the west.
Cpsv, the type species of the genus ophiovirus, is the presumed causal agent of psorosis disease. It is already quite widely distributed, and can be controlled by routine certification programmes. Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus and coat protein. For many years psorosis etiology remained elusive and only in 1986 it was associated with the. Biological and molecular detection of citrus psorosis virus in citrus. Pdf first report of citrus psorosis virus in syria ali. Genetic variation of populations of citrus psorosis virus. Some isolates of citrus ringspot virus crsv in texas were inconsistent isolate of crsv by leaf pieces to citrus seedlings and by mechanical. The absence and the presence of cpsv were ascertained by indexing on citrus indicators, elisa and pcr. The causal agent is citrus psorosis virus cpsv, an ophiovirus with a tripartite ssrna genome of negative polarity. First report of citrus psorosis virus cpsv in persian lime.
Effect of temperature on rna silencing of a negative. A viral biorealm page on the family citrus psorosis virus cpsv. Psorosis is a globally devastating disease of citrus caused by an infectious filamentous ophiovirus, citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which causes annual losses of about 5 % and a progressive decline. In experiment 1, 4 cpsvinfected plants bearing brca colonies were introduced in separated cages with 12 healthy madame vinous sweet orange mv seedlings in each one 48 in total. It causes typical bark scaling lesions in the trunk and limb of sweet orange, mandarin, grapefruit and other citrus spp. Pineapple sweet orange plants were transformed with a hairpin construct derived from the viral 24k gene lines ihp24k. Citrus tristeza virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Milne istituto di virologia vegetale, cnr, i105 torino, italy. Summary citrus psorosis virus cpsv is the putative agent of psorosis, a widespread and economically important dis ease of citrus. Leaves may exhibit yellow irregular flecks, blotches or round spots.
Persian lime citrus latifolia is the main citrus fruit exported by mexico. Bureau of citrus budwood registration the following pathogens, and plants infected with or exposed to the pathogens, are declared to be endemic plant pests and nuisances. The disease can be harboured asymptomatically in many citrus species. Diagnosing home citrus problems cooperative extension. Occasionally, the disease spreads through root grafting from an infected to a healthy tree.
It is transmitted in infected budwood or possibly with contaminated grafting tools. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv is considered to be the most infectious and problematic virus pathogen of citrus plants worldwide, mostly in citrus producing countries such as north, south american and the mediterranean1. Psorosis is a globally devastating disease of citrus caused by an infectious filamentous ophiovirus, citrus psorosis virus cpsv, which causes annual losses of about 5 % and a progressive decline of trees by affecting the conductive tissues. Variation in the distribution of citrus ringspot and. These two diseases were probably introduced into arizona in. Mar 12, 2018 persian lime citrus latifolia is the main citrus fruit exported by mexico. Improved detection of citrus psorosis virus using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The coat protein cp, the most abundant viral protein in infected plants, has been used to detect cpsv by tas. Biological characterization of naturally occurring citrus. Citrus plants affected with psorosis are less productive. Citrus leaf blotch virus causes a bud union disorder of susceptible scions such as nagami kumquat and calamondin on trifoliate type rootstocks. Use of monoclonal antibodies to citrus psorosis virus for diagnosis.
With some strains, the leaf symptoms remain on mature leaves, but in most cases, the symptoms fade with maturity. Contrary to expectations, these lines did not trigger efficient rna silencing, and when infected with cpsv they showed a phenotype of exacerbated. We examined cpsv transmission by the brca throughout two experiments. On the trunk citrus leprosis bark scaling symptoms can appear similar to citrus psorosis. Might toxoptera citricida brca be a citrus psorosis virus cpsv vector. Brevipalpus mites occur on citrus around the world but do not alone cause significant damage unless the mite population is extremely high. Citrus viruses in australia horticulture innovation australia. The pcr method successfully detected all positive control samples and matched the bioindexing results of the nursery. Trunk and limbs will exhibit bark scaling or flaking, where the bark sloughs off. We examined the population structure and genetic variation of cpsv in three coding regions located in rnas 1, 2 and 3, analysing 22 isolates from argentina, california, florida, italy and spain. Association of citrus psorosis b symptoms with a sequence variant of. Citrus psorosis virus cpsv is one of the oldest known grafttransmissible viruses of citrus.